Here’s one more benefit of National Forests which needs to be considered in forest planning: protection from infectious human diseases.
A group of scientists published a study earlier this month in the Nature journal, citing mounting evidence that biodiversity loss frequently increases infectious disease transmission.
One of the primary authors, Felicia Keesing from Bard College, explained the general pattern to Science Daily: “biodiversity loss tends to increase pathogen transmission across a wide range of infectious disease systems.” Keesing has been following the ecology of Lyme disease in northeastern forests for several years, and she said that evidence is mounting about biodiversity and disease. For instance, an opossum can serve as a biological buffer between the Lyme bacterium and humans by picking and killing off ticks. Opossums are poor hosts for ticks, but mice are good hosts. As biodiversity is lost, opossums move away and mice remain.
The authors also cite the relationship of the mosquito-transmitted West Nile disease and low bird diversity, as well as the relationship of hantavirus and lower diversity of small mammals. There are three reasons the loss of biodiversity can affect the transmission of infectious diseases:
- The more diverse the number of intermediate hosts, the less likely that a specific host will be present that are dangerous to humans.
- In a more diverse community, it’s more likely that the disease will end up in an unsuitable intermediate host.
- Genetically diverse hosts are generally in better condition and more resistent to disease.
The authors conclude: “despite remaining questions, connections between biodiversity and disease are now sufficiently clear to increase the urgency of local, regional, and global efforts to preserve natural ecosystems and the biodiversity they contain.”
At the very least, the relationship of biodiversity and epidemiology is a very direct example of a principle the Forest Service has been using during the development of a new forest planning rule: that people and the environment are inseparable and interdependent. The idea that forests are actually a safety net is a compelling argument for the maintenance and restoration of functioning and diverse ecosystems.
Their summary is:
This kind of implies that diseases of humans, animals and plants are “bad.” But they are entirely part of the universe, just trying to make a living like the rest of us. If you are a plant, diseases, insects, herbivores are all part of life. Are we on the side of plants and against diseases? Perhaps that leads to tension between being “for” plants and “for” herbivores?
Also, infectious diseases are perhaps best prevented, say in Colorado, by public health measures; perhaps not so much protecting “intact” (whatever that is) ecosystems elsewhere.. unless ours are already intact…
Species are “diseases” because they kill or sicken other species. Diseases are “bad” if they kill or sicken species we care about, like us. The world is a better place without smallpox.
Yes, but tigers kill humans, too, and so do grizzly bears, so it must be more complex than that.
Tigers and grizzlies have beating hearts — they are not diseases.
Andy- the definition of biodiversity is fraught with problems, some neatly outlined in this discussion by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy here. I was using it in the sense of ““Biodiversity” is often defined as the variety of all forms of life, from genes to species, through to the broad scale of ecosystems (for a list of variants on this simple definition see Gaston 1996).”This definition is part of the Stanford discussion.
Separating out species with beating hearts does not fit that definition but does fit others listed. As for me, it does not fit from two perspectives (insects have hearts; not sure if they beat) and I hope to reduce bedbug population size and potentially genetic diversity, should I ever be infested ;). From the other side, if we are for biodiversity being all of life, we shouldn’t have a bias for Bilateria. Check it out on the wonderful Tree of Life Website Project here, and the numbers and diversity of other kinds of beings.
Since the above article was published in Nature, some might be interested in this post by Pielke about an article by Sarewitz; in the comments Andy and I discuss the objectivity (or not) of the journals Nature and Science.